<p>Kaliakra Glacier  is a glacier in northeastern Livingston Island, Antarctica extending 7 km in east-west direction and 8 km in north-south direction, and situated southeast of Saedinenie Snowfield, southwest of Panega Glacier, north of Struma Glacier and upper Huron Glacier, and northeast of Perunika Glacier. It is bounded by Melnik Ridge and Bowles Ridge to the south, by Hemus Peak, Gurev Gap, Gleaner Heights, Elhovo Gap, Leslie Hill, Leslie Gap and Radnevo Peak to the west, and Miziya Peak and Samuel Peak to the north. The glacier drains eastwards into Moon Bay south of Perperek Knoll and north of Sindel Point.</p><br>
<p>The glacier was first crossed by the Bulgarians Lyubomir Ivanov and Doychin Vasilev from Camp Academia on 24 December 2004. Kaliakra, the name of a cape on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast, was given to the glacier by the Bulgarian Antarctic Place-names Commission, around 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The midpoint of the glacier is located at . Bulgarian topographic survey Tangra 2004/05 and mapping in 2005 and 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. http://apcbg.org/image023.jpg Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2010. (First edition 2009. )</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017.</p><br>
<p>Kamchiya Glacier  is located on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica situated south of the glacial divide between the Drake Passage and Bransfield Strait, and south of Tundzha Glacier, west-southwest of Pimpirev Glacier and east of Verila Glacier. The glacier extends 5 km along an east–west axis and is 2.2 km wide, draining into South Bay between Ereby Point and Memorable Beach.</p><br>
<p>The feature is named after the Kamchiya River in northeastern Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Kamchiya Glacier is centred at . Bulgarian mapping in 2005 and 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. http://apcbg.org/image023.jpg Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.</p><br>
<p>Kerseblept Nunatak  is a rocky hill of elevation 90 m projecting from Yakoruda Glacier on Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The hill is named after the Thracian king Cersobleptes, 359-341 BC.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The hill is located at which is on the northeast coast of McFarlane Strait, 3.9 km south of Hrabar Nunatak, and 3.4 km west of Lloyd Hill (Bulgarian topographic survey Tangra 2004/05 and mapping in 2005 and 2009).</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. http://apcbg.org/image023.jpg Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.</p><br>
<p>Levski Peak  is a mountain in Antarctica, rising to approximately 1,430 m in the western extremity of Levski Ridge, Tangra Mountains on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It surmounts Huron Glacier to the north and Macy Glacier to the south. The peak was named after Vasil Levski , a national hero of the Bulgarian liberation movement.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The peak is located to the east of Shipka Saddle, 1.3 km east of Lyaskovets Peak, 3.78 km southeast of Kuzman Knoll, 5.37 km south of Atanasoff Nunatak, 3.32 km west by north of Great Needle Peak (Falsa Aguja), and 3.46 km km north by west of St. Naum Peak.</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>Islas Livingston y Decepción. Mapa topográfico a escala 1:100000. Madrid: Servicio Geográfico del Ejército, 1991.</p><br>
<p>S. Soccol, D. Gildea and J. Bath. Scale 1:100000 satellite map. The Omega Foundation, USA, 2004.</p><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov et al., Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands (from English Strait to Morton Strait, with illustrations and ice-cover distribution), 1:100000 scale topographic map, Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, Sofia, 2005</p><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2010. (First edition 2009. )</p><br>
<p>Lyaskovets Peak  is the easternmost peak of Friesland Ridge in the Tangra Mountains, eastern Livingston Island and has an elevation 1,473 m. The peak is bounded by Catalunyan Saddle to the west and Shipka Saddle to the east and is heavily glaciated and crevassed, with precipitous western, southern and eastern slopes. It surmounts Huron Glacier to the northwest and northeast, and Macy Glacier and Brunow Bay area to the south. Its northern offshoot forms Zograf Peak, and is linked to Lozen Nunatak, Erma Knoll and Aheloy Nunatak in Huron Glacier.</p><br>
<p>The peak is named after Lyaskovets, a town in central northern Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Lyaskovets Peak is located at 62&deg;39&prime;48.5&Prime;S latitude, 60&deg;08&prime;34.7&Prime;W longitude, which is 2.3 km east-northeast of Mount Friesland (the summit of Friesland Ridge and Livingston Island, 1,700 m), 3.2 km south-southeast of Kuzman Knoll, 1.33 km south by east of Zograf Peak, 1.3 km west of Levski Peak, and 4.6 km west by north of Great Needle Peak (the summit of Levski Ridge, approx. 1,690 m). The feature was mapped by the UK Directorate of Overseas Surveys in 1968, and by Bulgaria in 2005 and 2009.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first ascent of Lyaskovets Peak was made on 14 December 2004 by Lyubomir Ivanov and Doychin Vasilev from Camp Academia (541 m) during the Tangra 2004/05 Survey. Their route (UIAA grade III) started with 4 km of solid but crevassed firn surface ascent up to Catalunyan Saddle (1,260 m) on the main crest of Tangra Mountains, from where they traversed the precipitous west slope of the peak until the north slope was reached, from where the summit – itself split by a crevasse – was easily reached.</p><br>
<p>The second ascent, also by way of Ivanov–Vasilev route, was made by the Bulgarian mountaineers Doychin Boyanov and Nikolay Petkov on 1 January 2015.</p><br>
<p>Magura Glacier  on the southeast side of Tangra Mountains on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is located to the north of M&#39;Kean Point, northeast of Srebarna Glacier, south of Iskar Glacier and southwest of Dobrudzha Glacier. It is bounded by Great Needle Peak to the west, Vitosha Saddle, Vihren Peak and Helmet Peak to the northwest, Plovdiv Peak and Shishman Peak to the north, and Devin Saddle and Kuber Peak to the northeast. The glacier extends 3.5 km in southwest-northeast direction and 1.9 km in northwest-southeast direction, and flows southeastward into Bransfield Strait.</p><br>
<p>The feature is named after Magura Cave in Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Magura Glacier is centred at (Bulgarian mapping in 2005 and 2009).</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>* Islas Livingston y Decepción. Mapa topográfico a escala 1:100000. Madrid: Servicio Geográfico del Ejército, 1991.</p><br>
<p>* S. Soccol, D. Gildea and J. Bath. http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/mapcat/display_map.cfm?map_id=13271 Livingston Island, Antarctica. Scale 1:100000 satellite map. The Omega Foundation, USA, 2004.</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov et al., Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands (from English Strait to Morton Strait, with illustrations and ice-cover distribution), 1:100000 scale topographic map, Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, Sofia, 2005</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2010. (First edition 2009. )</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017.</p><br>
<p>Medven Glacier  is a 2.5 km long and 1.5 km wide glacier on Ioannes Paulus II Peninsula, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica situated east of Etar Snowfield, south of Urdoviza Glacier and north of Berkovitsa Glacier. It is bounded by the east slopes of Oryahovo Heights and drains eastwards into Prisoe Cove, Hero Bay between Remetalk Point and Agüero Point. Bulgarian mapping in 2005 and 2009.</p><br>
<p>The glacier is named after the settlement of Medven in the eastern Balkan Mountains, Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The glacier is centred at .</p><br>
<h2>Map</h2><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. http://apcbg.org/image023.jpg Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.</p><br>
<p>Momchil Peak  is an ice-covered peak rising to 625 m in Breznik Heights, Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The peak is located north of Zheravna Glacier, 590 m east of Ilinden Peak, 1.7 km northeast of Razgrad Peak, 1.49 km northwest of the summit of Viskyar Ridge and 3.08 km north-northwest of Sartorius Point .</p><br>
<p>The peak is named after the Bulgarian town of Momchilgrad in association with Momchil, a Bulgarian ruler of Aegean Thrace in the 14th Century.</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.</p><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov.. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.</p><br>
<p>Musala Glacier  on Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is situated northeast of Targovishte Glacier, east-northeast of Zheravna Glacier and southeast of Fuerza Aérea Glacier. It is bounded by St. Kiprian Peak to the south, Vratsa Peak to the southwest, central Breznik Heights to the west, and Ilarion Ridge bordering Hardy Cove to the northeast, extends 3.7 km in east-west direction and 2.2 km in north-south direction, and drains eastwards into Bransfield Strait north of Fort Point.</p><br>
<p>The glacier is named after Musala Peak in the Rila Mountain, the summit of Bulgaria and the Balkan Peninsula.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Musala Glacier is centred at . Bulgarian mapping in 2005 and 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. http://apcbg.org/image023.jpg Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017.</p><br>
<p>Ongal Peak  is a sharp glaciated peak on the Levski Ridge, Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The peak was first ascended and surveyed on 21 December 2004 by the Bulgarian Lyubomir Ivanov from Camp Academia. It was named after the historic Ongal region of the First Bulgarian Empire located in the Danube Delta area and north of the Black Sea, in connection with the Battle of Ongal.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The peak is located 520 m north of Levski Peak, 1.76 km southeast of Zograf Peak, 650 m south of Komini Peak, 1.19 km south of Ravda Peak and 2.44 km west-southwest of Plana Peak (Bulgarian topographic survey Tangra 2004/05, and mapping in 2005 and 2009).</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands (from English Strait to Morton Strait, with illustrations and ice-cover distribution). Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.</p><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov.. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.</p><br>
<p>Panega Glacier  on Varna Peninsula, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is situated southeast of the northeastern portion of Saedinenie Snowfield, south of Rose Valley Glacier, southwest of Debelt Glacier and north of lower Kaliakra Glacier. It drains the southeast slopes of Vidin Heights and flows into Moon Bay between Helis Nunatak and Perperek Knoll. The glacier extends 3.7 km in the southeast-northwest direction, and 3 km in the southwest-northeast direction. It is named after Zlatna Panega River in northern Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The glacier is centred at (Bulgarian topographic survey Tangra 2004/05 and mapping in 2005 and 2009).</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. http://apcbg.org/image023.jpg Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.</p><br>
<p>Pautalia Glacier  is a small glacier on Burgas Peninsula, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica situated northeast of Strandzha Glacier and south of Sopot Ice Piedmont. It is bounded by Petko Voyvoda Peak to the west, Sozopol Gap to the northwest, Kaloyan Nunatak to the north and Shabla Knoll to the east. The glacier extends 700 m in northwest-southeast direction and 1.1 km in southwest-northeast direction, and flows southeastward into Bransfield Strait.</p><br>
<p>The feature is named after the ancient Pautalia, ancestor of the present town of Kyustendil in Western Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Pautalia Glacier is centred at . Bulgarian mapping in 2005 and 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. http://apcbg.org/image023.jpg Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.</p><br>
<p>Perunika Glacier  is an 8 km long and 3 km wide  roughly crescent-shaped glacier in eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica situated east of Pimpirev Glacier, south of Saedinenie Snowfield, southwest of Kaliakra Glacier, west of Huron Glacier, and north of Balkan Snowfield and the head of Huntress Glacier.</p><br>
<p>Its head is bounded by Pliska Ridge to the south-southwest, Nesebar Gap to the south, Wörner Gap to the east, and Bowles Ridge to the north-northeast. It drains northwestwards between Burdick Ridge and Bowles Ridge, then north of Rezen Knoll turns west-southwest and flows into the head of Emona Anchorage between Bulgarian Beach and Pimpirev Beach.</p><br>
<p>The glacier is heavily crevassed in its lower half, receiving ice influx also from Balkan Snowfield and from the part of the island’s ice cap that is located west of Hemus Peak and Gurev Gap and south of Saedinenie Snowfield, and is draining southwards. It exhibits pyroclastic phenomena typical of the region’s glaciology and resulting from volcanic activities at Deception Island not 40 km away.</p><br>
<p>The glacier was mapped by the Spanish Servicio Geográfico del Ejército in 1991, the lower portion in greater detail. Bulgarian remapping of Perunika Glacier’s terminus from a survey made during the summer of 1995-96; mapping in 2005 and 2009 from the Bulgarian topographic survey Tangra 2004/05.</p><br>
<p>Perunika is the name of a village in the Rhodope Mountains in southern Bulgaria. A derivation of Perun, the name of ancient Slavic God.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The glacier is centred at .</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>* Isla Livingston: Península Hurd. Mapa topográfico de escala 1:25 000. Madrid: Servicio Geográfico del Ejército, 1991.</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. Livingston Island: Central-Eastern Region. Scale 1:25000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 1996.</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2010. (First edition 2009. )</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017.</p><br>
<p>The Peshtera Glacier  is a glacier on the Rozhen Peninsula, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica situated southwest of Ruen Icefall and north of Charity Glacier.</p><br>
<p>The head of the glacier is bounded by MacKay Peak (approx. 700 m) to the southwest and Tervel Peak to the east. It flows 2 km north-northwestward to terminate at the northeast extremity of Zagore Beach. The feature is named after the Bulgarian town of Peshtera, in Pazardzhik Province.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The glacier is centred at . Bulgarian mapping in 2005 and 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. http://apcbg.org/image023.jpg Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.</p><br>
<p>Pimpirev Glacier  on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is situated south of the glacial divide between the Drake Passage and Bransfield Strait, southeast of Tundzha Glacier, southwest of Saedinenie Snowfield, west of Perunika Glacier and east-northeast of Kamchiya Glacier. The feature extends 5.5 km in a southeast-northwest direction, and 1.8 km in northwest-southeast direction. The glacier drains southeastwards towards Pimpirev Beach, mostly terminating on the shore, and on several occasions penetrating the South Bay waters east-northeast of Ereby Point.</p><br>
<p>The feature is named for Christo Pimpirev, geologist in the First Bulgarian Antarctic Expedition in 1987/88 and leader of subsequent national Antarctic campaigns. The original name Pimpirev Ice Wall was given on October 29, 1996 to the 50-m high rectilinear ice scarp-slope running parallelly to and some 100 m inland from the coast of South Bay northeast of Ereby Point. Reflecting subsequent changes in the ice cap configuration, the present name form was approved for the relevant glacier on November 4, 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Pimpirev Glacier is located at (Mapped by the Spanish Servicio Geográfico del Ejército in 1991, Bulgarian topographic survey in 1995/96 and mapping in 1996, 2005 and 2009).</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. Livingston Island: Central-Eastern Region. Scale 1:25000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 1996.</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. http://apcbg.org/image023.jpg Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.</p><br>
<p>Plana Peak  is a mostly ice-covered peak on the Levski Ridge, Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Surmounting Huron Glacier to the north and its tributaries to the east and west. First ascent by D. Boyanov, N. Petkov and A. Shopov on 8 January 2015. The peak is named after Plana Mountain in Western Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The peak is located 2.21 km north-northwest of Great Needle Peak (Falsa Aguja Peak), 2.66 km northeast of Levski Peak and 2.45 km west-northwest of Helmet Peak (Bulgarian topographic survey Tangra 2004/05, and mapping in 2005 and 2009).</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.</p><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov.. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.</p><br>
<p>Prespa Glacier  on Rozhen Peninsula, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is situated east-northeast of Tarnovo Ice Piedmont, east of the head of Charity Glacier, southeast of Ruen Icefall and southwest of Macy Glacier. It is bounded to the east by Needle Peak and Ludogorie Peak, to the northwest by St. Cyril Peak and St. Methodius Peak, and to the southwest by Shumen Peak and Yambol Peak, and flows southeastward into Bransfield Strait between Gela Point and Samuel Point. The feature extends 3.5 km in east-west direction and 2.5 km in north-south direction. The glacier is named after Prespa Peak in the Rhodope Mountains, Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Prespa Glacier is centred at (British mapping in 1968, and Bulgarian in 2005 and 2009).</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>* Islas Livingston y Decepción. Mapa topográfico a escala 1:100000. Madrid: Servicio Geográfico del Ejército, 1991.</p><br>
<p>* S. Soccol, D. Gildea and J. Bath. http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/mapcat/display_map.cfm?map_id=13271 Livingston Island, Antarctica. Scale 1:100000 satellite map. The Omega Foundation, USA, 2004.</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov et al., Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands (from English Strait to Morton Strait, with illustrations and ice-cover distribution), 1:100000 scale topographic map, Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, Sofia, 2005</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2010. (First edition 2009. )</p><br>
<p>Radnevo Peak  is a peak of elevation 481 m forming the southwest extremity of Vidin Heights on Varna Peninsula on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Surmounting Kaliakra Glacier to the southeast and Saedinenie Snowfield to the northwest. Linked to Leslie Hill by Leslie Gap. The peak is named after the town of Radnevo in Southeastern Bulgaria.</p><br>
<p>First ascent by Lyubomir Ivanov from Camp Academia on 25 December 2004, as part of Tangra 2004/05 survey.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The peak is located at which is 1.08 km southwest of Miziya Peak, 2.42 km west of Samuel Peak, 6.61 km north-northwest of Melnik Peak and 3.16 km north-northeast of Leslie Hill (Bulgarian mapping in 2005 and 2009 from the Tangra 2004/05 topographic survey).</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2010. (First edition 2009. )</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017.</p><br>
<p>Razgrad Peak  is an ice-covered peak rising to 550 m in Breznik Heights, Greenwich Island, Antarctica. The peak is located 740 m southeast of Terter Peak, 1.7 km southwest of Momchil Peak, 2.7 km west of the summit of Viskyar Ridge, and 1.51 km north-northeast of the coastal point formed by Ephraim Bluff . An eastern offshoot of the peak is forming Maystora Peak. Surmounting Zheravna Glacier to the east and Wulfila Glacier to the west.</p><br>
<p>The peak is named after the city of Razgrad in Northeastern Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.</p><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.</p><br>
<p>Rongel Reef , is a moraine reef in the Emona Anchorage in the eastern parts of Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The reef emerged during a glacier retreat in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.</p><br>
<p>The reef extends over 600 m in northeast-southwest direction and is partly exposed at low tide and submerged at high tide but for the islet rising to near 3 m at its northeast extremity.</p><br>
<p>Its midpoint is located 2.85 km north-northwest of Hespérides Point, 3.12 km west of Aleko Point, and 3.35 km northeast by east of Ereby Point. The northeast extremity of Rongel Reef is located 75 m south-southwest of Rongel Point. A 710 m wide nameless cove is indenting for 250 m the coast behind Rongel Reef, the northeast side of its entrance formed by Rongel Point. The southwest extremity of Rongel Reef is located 300 m southeast of the nameless point located 3.18 km northwest by north of Hespérides Point and 3.04 km northeast by east of Ereby Point.</p><br>
<p>The feature is named after the Brazilian Navy ship Ary Rongel, in recognition of her logistic support for the Bulgarian Antarctic programme.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The reef is centered at 62&deg;37&prime;16&Prime;S latitude, 60&deg;24&prime;11&Prime;W longitude (Bulgarian mapping from a topographic survey of the region made from 8 December 1995 to 8 February 1996).</p><br>
<p>Ropotamo Glacier  is a glacier extending 900 m in northeast-southwest direction and 600 m in northwest-southeast direction on the Burgas Peninsula, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica and situated northeast o Dobrudzha Glacier, east-southeast of Iskar Glacier, south of Sopot Ice Piedmont and southwest of Strandzha Glacier. It is bounded by Asen Peak and Delchev Peak to the northwest and north, and flows southeastwards mostly into Yantra Cove, Bransfield Strait.</p><br>
<p>The feature is named after the river Ropotamo in Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Ropotamo Glacier is centered at . Bulgarian mapping in 2005 and 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. http://apcbg.org/image023.jpg Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.</p><br>
<p>Rose Valley Glacier  is a glacier on Varna Peninsula, eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica situated northeast of Saedinenie Snowfield, northwest of Debelt Glacier and north of Panega Glacier. It extends 5.2 km in southeast-northwest direction and 3.7 km in southwest-northeast direction, and drains the northeast slopes of Vidin Heights to flow into Lister Cove and McFarlane Strait between Pomorie Point and Inott Point.</p><br>
<p>The feature is named after the Valley of Roses in central Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The glacier is located at (Bulgarian topographic survey Tangra 2004/05 and mapping in 2005 and 2009).</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. http://apcbg.org/image023.jpg Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.</p><br>
<p>The Tsugaru Peninsula is a peninsula in Aomori Prefecture, at the northern end of Honshū island, Japan. The peninsula projects north into the Tsugaru Strait separating Honshū from Hokkaidō. The western coast is on the Sea of Japan, while on its eastern coast are Aomori Bay and Mutsu Bay. Across the Tsugaru strait to the north is Hokkaidō&#39;s Matsumae Peninsula, to which it is linked by the Seikan Tunnel.</p><br>
<p>Traditionally one of the poorest and remotest areas of Japan, Tsugaru is best known as the birthplace of writer Osamu Dazai, who wrote the mordant travelogue Tsugaru about his travels around the peninsula, and for the Tsugaru-jamisen, a distinctive local version of the Japanese string instrument shamisen.</p><br>
<p>As with Aizu in Fukushima Prefecture, JR East treats Tsugaru as a separate province from Mutsu, and stations in the area are marked "Tsugaru-" before their names.</p><br>
<p>Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings Historic State Park is a Florida State Park and historic site located on the former homestead of Florida author Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings. It is located in Cross Creek, Florida, between Ocala and Gainesville at 18700 South County Road 325.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The homestead is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, added on September 29, 1970. The house and farm yard were designated a National Historic Landmark on September 27, 2006.</p><br>
<p>Activities include hiking and hourly tours Thursday through Sunday, at 10 a.m. 11 a.m. and from 1 p.m. to 4 p.m., except in August and September. Amenities include two short hiking trails and park employees that bring 1930s rural Florida to life with period clothing and stories. In addition, guests are invited to pick and sample oranges from the many trees within the property.</p><br>
<p>Florida state parks are open between 8 a.m. and sundown every day of the year (including holidays). The cost is $3 per car to enter the park.</p><br>
<p>Hoosier Hill is the highest natural point in the state of Indiana at 1,257 ft above sea level. It is in the rural area of Franklin Township, Wayne County to the northwest of Bethel. The nearest intersection to the high point is Elliot Road and County Line Road. The nearest major landmark is Interstate 70 and Richmond 11 miles  to the south.</p><br>
<p>The Hill sits on private property; the high point sits in a forested area surrounded by farmland. In 2005, an Eagle Scout candidate named Kyle Cummings (Troop 820 from Lakeside Park, Kentucky), in cooperation with the property owner, built a trail, sign and picnic area at the high point.</p><br>
<p>Geologically, the hill sits in the Dearborn Upland, an area of high terrain in southeast Indiana that sits on top of the geologic structure known as the Cincinnati Arch. However, Hoosier Hill is located in a portion of the upland buried underneath glacial debris known as the Tipton Till Plain. As a result, while the average elevation of this upland region is 1100 +/-100 feet above sea level, the topographic relief is gentle where the "hill" is no more than 30 feet higher than the surrounding landscape of gently rolling farmland. While the high topography seen at Brown County State Park, which sits in the Norman Upland in south central Indiana, can be mistaken to be a high point (where relief is 400–500 feet from valley to hilltop), the elevations of hilltops ranges from 800–1050 feet.</p><br>
<p>A.H. Marshall was the first person to successfully climb each USA state highpoint. He completed the task in 1936 after standing atop Hoosier Hill.</p><br>
<p>According to local government, the wooden sign (pictured at right) with the words INDIANA&#39;S HIGHEST POINT would frequently be stolen, so in 2016 the wooden sign was permanently replaced by an engraved boulder (pictured below).</p><br>
<p>The Steuben House, also known as the Zabriskie-Steuben House, is a noted example of Bergen Dutch sandstone architecture, located at New Bridge Landing on the Hackensack River in River Edge, in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States.</p><br>
<p>It was confiscated from Loyalist Jan Zabriskie, and served as a military headquarters through much of the Revolutionary War. General George Washington made it his headquarters, September 4 to 17, 1780. Following the war, it was given to Major General Baron von Steuben, who occupied it from 1783 to 1788.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Steuben House has long been esteemed a Revolutionary landmark. Its architecture and historic furnishings recall the Bergen Dutch, an agricultural community whose language and culture blended contributions from Dutch, Angolan African, German, English, French, Scotch and Scandinavian settlers.At a place known originally as Aschatking (where the river narrows), about 10 mi above the head of Newark Bay, a Swedish land-clearer named Cornelius Mattyse acquired 420 acre at the juncture of Tantaquas Creek (Coles Brook) and the Hackensack River, in 1682.</p><br>
<p>This was called Tantaquas Plain, where a Hackensack sachem of that name resided with his kinfolk. David Ackerman, residing in the village of Hackensack, purchased the land from Matheus Corneliuson, son of Cornelius Matheus of Hackensack River, in 1695. He devised that portion of this tract of land lying east of Kinderkamack Road to his son, Johannes Ackerman, who built a dwelling on the Steenrapie (Kinderkamack) Road at the time of his marriage to Jannetje Lozier in 1713. A tidal gristmill was built on the Hackensack River. This mill got its power from an artificial pond: the high tide was trapped in the mouth of Coles Brook by a dam with a special drop-gate, suspended from a horizontal timber. When the tides flowed out of the Hackensack River, the tidal millpond was slowly released through the waterwheel. Sloops pulled alongside the mill at New Bridge Landing. On March 9, 1744, a road was surveyed from Kinderkamack Road to the chosen spot on the banks of the Hackensack River where a "New Bridge" was to be erected (forming what is now Main Street, River Edge).</p><br>
<p>Jan and Annetje (Ackerman) Zabriskie purchased the Johannes Ackerman mill and farm in September 1745, shortly after construction of the first draw-bridge at the narrows of the Hackensack River. This wooden span was called New Bridge to distinguish it from an older crossing several miles upstream. In 1752, Jan Zabriskie built the oldest part of the Steuben House. Its walls were built with blocks of sandstone cut from the Kinderkamack Ridge - dressed stone on the two sides of the building facing the roadway and coursed rubble on the other sides. The front door opened into a center-hall. The Zabriskie family grew wealthy from increased trade brought on by the French and Indian War (1756–1763) and doubled the size of their dwelling about 1765, increasing it from five to twelve rooms, warmed by seven fireplaces, and covering it with a fashionable gambrel roof. The gambrel roof has four slopes instead of two, providing more headroom and storage space in the garret (for this reason, many barns used a gambrel roof to increase the size of the hay mow). The Jersey Dutch also adopted the gambrel roof to span the depth of a house that was one-and-a-half to two rooms deep. New Bridge Landing was the business center of the upper Hackensack Valley - the shopping mall of its day. Iron made in stone furnaces along the Ramapo Mountains was carried in ox-carts to New Bridge Landing where it was loaded onto sloops, some as large as 50 ton, for shipment to market. Flour and animal feed was shipped from the mill. All kinds of wares came in from boats returning from the city. This location had an added advantage: because of the wide Hackensack Meadowlands downstream, New Bridge remained the nearest river crossing to Newark Bay until 1790. Overland traffic including farm wagons and stage coaches, going to and from New York City, crossed the river at this spot on their way into the interior parts of the country.</p><br>
<p>The house was occupied as a military headquarters during much of the American Revolutionary War. General Washington headquartered here in September 1780 for 14 days when the Continental Army encamped on the Kinderkamack Ridge.</p><br>
<p>While a constant arena for conflict, the following significant Revolutionary War events are associated with Historic New Bridge Landing:</p><br>
<p>• British troops under Major General Vaughan attacked the American rear guard on November 21, 1776 and seize the New Bridge, which American engineers were dismantling.</p><br>
<p>• British and Loyalist troops under command of Captain Patrick Fergusen attacked about 40 Bergen militiamen at New Bridge on May 18, 1779.</p><br>
<p>• Major Henry Lee led American troops from New Bridge on August 18, 1779, to attack the British earthworks at Paulus Hook (Jersey City).</p><br>
<p>• A force of Bergen Militia and Continental troops attacked 600 British troops and German auxiliaries at New Bridge on their retreat from Hackensack and Paramus on March 23, 1780, during the two hours it took for the British to repair and cross the New Bridge.</p><br>
<p>• A body of 312 British, Loyalist and German infantry, attacked and overwhelmed an American outpost at New Bridge commanded by Lieutenant Bryson on April 15, 1780.• Eight British soldiers were killed, and several wounded, by friendly fire when British troops attempted to attack a body of Bergen Militia in the Zabriskie-Steuben House at New Bridge on May 30, 1780.</p><br>
<p>• Brigadier General Anthony Wayne led American troops from New Bridge on a raid against the Bull’s Ferry Blockhouse on July 20, 1780.</p><br>
<p>• General Washington made his headquarters in the Zabriskie-Steuben House during the Steenrapie encampment of the Continental Army, encompassing nearly 14,000 men, on September 4–17, 1780.</p><br>
<p>The State of New Jersey confiscated the stone mansion from Jan Zabriskie, a Loyalist, in 1781. The New Jersey Legislature gave the Zabriskie estate at New Bridge to Major General Baron von Steuben, the Inspector General of the Continental Army, on December 23, 1783 on condition that he occupy it and not rent it to a tenant. To meet these terms he had to keep a bed and servant at all times and make regular visits. His aide-de-camp, Captain Benjamin Walker, resided there, operating the mill and river dock in partnership with Jan Zabriskie. Captain Walker purchased the Zabriskie estate on Steuben&#39;s behalf in 1786. This is the only extant 18th century building that Steuben owned. Steuben renovated the war-damaged house and sold the house to back to the Zabriskie family, Jan, son of the Loyalist, in 1788. His grandson, John J. Zabriskie, died trying to free the mill waterwheel in 1793. Andrew Zabriskie, a cousin, purchased the Steuben House in 1815. His descendants owned the property until 1909.</p><br>
<p>The Steuben House Commission was created in 1926 to purchase Baron Steuben&#39;s home at New Bridge. The State took possession of the historic mansion and 1 acre of ground for $9,000 on June 27, 1928. It was renovated and opened as the museum headquarters of the Bergen County Historical Society in September 1939. The Steuben House is listed on the New Jersey and National Register of Historic Places. The Bergen County Historical Society continued stewardship of the site by purchase of land between the Steuben House and the encroaching autoparts yard in 1944. In 1954, the Society was able to persuade the County of Bergen to divert the planned 4-lane highway to the north of the site instead of alongside the historic site. The highway bridge opened in 1956 and the one-lane 1889 swing bridge was closed to vehicles. It remains open for pedestrians.</p><br>
<p>The house is now the cornerstone of this historic district, spanning both sides of the river. Three additional buildings were moved onto the adjacent property of the Bergen County Historical Society, a private non-profit volunteer organization. The Demarest House was moved here from New Milford in 1956 and is maintained by the Blauvelt Demarest Foundation. The Westervelt-Thomas Barn was relocated from Washington Township in 1958. The County of Bergen moved the Campbell-Christie House here to lands of the Bergen County Historical Society in 1977. The Society erected a working replica of a Bergen Dutch Out-Kitchen in 1991 and an outhouse in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The Historic New Bridge Landing Park Commission was established by law in 1995 to coordinate and implement all private and governmental plans and activities at Historic New Bridge Landing Park, which was named one of three new urban state parks in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>2007 flood</h2><br>
<p>The Steuben House suffered little in the way of permanent damage in the April 2007 nor&#39;easter. However, Bergen County Historical Society collections that had been moved to the second floor in previous floods, had been left on the first floor. Thus, numerous artifacts were damaged or destroyed. Volunteers open the New Jersey State Historic site for special events.</p><br>
<p>The River Findhorn  is one of the longest rivers in Scotland. Located in the north east, it flows into the Moray Firth on the north coast. It has one of the largest non-firth estuaries in Scotland.</p><br>
<p>The river provides excellent salmon and trout fishing and is popular with anglers from around the globe. It is also one of Scotland&#39;s classic white water kayaking rivers (varying from grade 2 to 4) and draws canoeists from across the country.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>(from south to north)</p><br>
<p>* Abhainn Cro-chlach</p><br>
<p>* River Eskin</p><br>
<p>* Elrick Burn</p><br>
<p>* Funtack Burn</p><br>
<p>* Rhilean Burn</p><br>
<p>* Leonach Burn</p><br>
<p>* Tomlach Burn</p><br>
<p>* Derback Burn</p><br>
<p>* Muckle Burn</p><br>
<h2>Settlements</h2><br>
<p>(from south to north)</p><br>
<p>* Dalmigavie</p><br>
<p>* Corrievorrie</p><br>
<p>* Kyllachy</p><br>
<p>* Findhorn Bridge</p><br>
<p>* Tomatin</p><br>
<p>* Inverbrough</p><br>
<p>* Ruthven</p><br>
<p>* Streens</p><br>
<p>* Dulsie</p><br>
<p>* Glenferness</p><br>
<p>* Ardclach</p><br>
<p>* Ferness</p><br>
<p>* Relugas</p><br>
<p>* Altyre</p><br>
<p>* Forres</p><br>
<p>* Kinloss</p><br>
<p>* Findhorn</p><br>
<p>The River Ugie  or Ugie Water is a river in Scotland. Located in the north east, it flows into the North Sea on the east coast at Peterhead, north of Cruden Bay. There is considerable evidence of prehistoric settlement within the Ugie drainage basin, especially in the South Ugie Water catchment basin. For example, the Catto Long Barrow is found somewhat to the south of the Ugie Water mainstem.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>* North Ugie Water</p><br>
<p>* South Ugie Water</p><br>
<h2>Settlements</h2><br>
<p>(from west to east)</p><br>
<p>* Old Deer</p><br>
<p>* Stuartfield</p><br>
<p>* Mintlaw</p><br>
<p>* Inverquhomery</p><br>
<p>* Longside</p><br>
<p>* Rora</p><br>
<p>* Newseat</p><br>
<p>* Inverugie</p><br>
<p>* Peterhead</p><br>
<p>Sea Lion Glacier  is the site of an isolated 350 m long glacier on Hurd Peninsula, eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It is located southwest of Hesperides Hill and northwest of Atlantic Club Ridge, separated from the latter by Sea Lion Tarn, and terminating on the South Bay coast.</p><br>
<p>The glacier, subject of glaciological studies and monitoring for several years since 1993, disappeared completely within a decade.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The midpoint is located at (Bulgarian mapping from a 1995–1996 ground survey).</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>* https://web.archive.org/web/20140201171902/http://uacg.bg/filebank/att_1511.pdf Isla Livingston: Península Hurd. Mapa topográfico de escala 1:25000. Madrid: Servicio Geográfico del Ejército, 1991. (Map reproduced on p. 16 of the linked work)</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. Livingston Island: Central-Eastern Region. Scale 1:25000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 1996.</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. http://apcbg.org/image023.jpg Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.</p><br>
<p>* Antarctica, South Shetland Islands, Livingston Island: Bulgarian Antarctic Base. Sheets 1 and 2. Scale 1:2000 topographic map. Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre Agency, 2016. (in Bulgarian)</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017.</p><br>
<p>Sea Lion Tarn  is a freshwater tarn with an area of 0.3 hectare located between Sea Lion Glacier and the north-western slopes of Atlantic Club Ridge on Hurd Peninsula in eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The lake drains westward through a 100 m creek into South Bay.</p><br>
<p>The feature takes its name from the adjacent Sea Lion Glacier.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The midpoint is located at 62&deg;38&prime;48&Prime;S latitude, 60&deg;22&prime;14&Prime;W longitude (Bulgarian mapping from a 1995-1996 ground survey).</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov. Livingston Island: Central-Eastern Region. Scale 1:25000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 1996.</p><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.</p><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov.. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.</p><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017.</p><br>
<p>Srebarna Glacier  on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is situated east-northeast of Boyana Glacier, southeast of the head of Macy Glacier and southwest of Magura Glacier. It extends 2.3 km in southwest-northeast direction and 1.8 km in northwest-southeast direction, and drains southeast of Serdica Peak and the Great Needle Peak in Levski Ridge, Tangra Mountains to enter Bransfield Strait between Aytos Point and M&#39;Kean Point.</p><br>
<p>The glacier is named after Srebarna Lake in northeastern Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Srebarna Glacier is centred at . Bulgarian mapping in 2005 and 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. http://apcbg.org/image023.jpg Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.</p><br>
<p>Strandzha Glacier  is located on Burgas Peninsula, eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica northeast of Ropotamo Glacier, south of Sopot Ice Piedmont and southwest of Pautalia Glacier. It is bounded by Delchev Peak to the west, Spartacus Peak, Trigrad Gap and Yavorov Peak to the northwest, and by Elena Peak to the north, extends 1.6 km in northeast-southwest direction and 800 m in northwest-southeast firection, and flows southeastward into Bransfield Strait.</p><br>
<p>The feature is named after Strandzha Mountain, Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Strandzha Glacier is centred at . Bulgarian mapping in 2005 and 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. http://apcbg.org/image023.jpg Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.</p><br>
<p>Struma Glacier  is a glacier in eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica situated south of lower Kaliakra Glacier and north of Huron Glacier. Bounded by Melnik Ridge to the north, Yankov Gap to the west and Bowles Ridge to the south, it is 4.8 km long and 1.5 km wide, and flows eastwards into Moon Bay south of Sindel Point and north of Elemag Point.</p><br>
<p>First crossed by the Bulgarians Lyubomir Ivanov and Doychin Vasilev from Camp Academia on 28 December 2004, as part of Tangra 2004/05 survey.</p><br>
<p>The glacier is named after the Struma River in Bulgaria and forms part of the overland route between Pirdop Gate and Yankov Gap.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The midpoint is located at . Bulgarian topographic survey Tangra 2004/05 and mapping in 2005 and 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2010. (First edition 2009. )</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017.</p><br>
<p>Targovishte Glacier  is situated in Breznik Heights on Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, east of Zheravna Glacier and southwest of Musala Glacier. It is bounded by Viskyar Ridge to the west, Vratsa Peak to the northeast, and Drangov Peak and Ziezi Peak to the east, extending 700 m in east-west direction and 1.6 km in north-south direction, and draining southwards into Bransfield Strait northeast of Sartorius Point.</p><br>
<p>The glacier is named after the city of Targovishte in northeastern Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Targovishte Glacier is centred at (Bulgarian mapping in 2005 and 2009).</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. http://apcbg.org/image023.jpg Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.</p><br>
<p>Teteven Glacier  is a glacier on Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica situated east of Yakoruda Glacier, west of Quito Glacier, northwest of Traub Glacier and north of Murgash Glacier. It extends 6.5 km in east-west direction and 3.8 km in north-south direction, and drains the north slopes of Dryanovo Heights into the Drake Passage in Haskovo Cove and Skaptopara Cove between Miletich Point and the ice-free area at Agüedo Point.</p><br>
<p>The glacier is named after the town of Teteven in the central Balkan Mountains, Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Teteven Glacier is centred at (Bulgarian mapping in 2005 and 2009).</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. http://apcbg.org/image023.jpg Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.</p><br>
<p>Tundzha Glacier  is a glacier on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica situated east-southeast of Berkovitsa Glacier, west of Saedinenie Snowfield, northwest of Pimpirev Glacier, north of Kamchiya Glacier and east-northeast of Verila Glacier. It is bounded by Snow Peak to the west, Teres Ridge to the east and the glacial divide between the Drake Passage and Bransfield Strait to the south. The glacier extends 14 km in east-west direction and 4.5 km in the north-south direction, and drains northwards into Hero Bay between Avitohol Point and Siddins Point.</p><br>
<p>The feature was named after the Tundzha River in Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The midpoint of the glacier is located at (Bulgarian mapping in 2009).</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2010. (First edition 2009. )</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017.</p><br>
<p>Urdoviza Glacier  is a glacier on western Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica situated east of the northern portion of Etar Snowfield and north of Medven Glacier. It extends 2.8 km in the east-west direction and 3 km in the north-south direction, and is bounded by the eastern slopes of Oryahovo Heights and draining eastwards into Stoyanov Cove of Hero Bay between Agüero Point and Sandanski Point. Bulgarian mapping in 2005 and 2009.</p><br>
<p>The glacier is named after Cape Urdoviza on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The glacier&#39;s midpoint is located at .</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. http://apcbg.org/image023.jpg Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.</p><br>
<p>Veleka Ridge is a predominantly ice-free ridge extending 3 km between Charity Glacier in the north and Botev Point in the south, and 1.3 km wide, in the southwest extremity of Friesland Ridge, Tangra Mountains on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The ice-free surface area of the ridge and the adjacent Arkutino Beach is 468 hectare. Surmounting Tarnovo Ice Piedmont to the east, Charity Glacier to the north, Arkutino Beach to the west, and Barnard Point and Botev Point to the southwest and south respectively. The ridge&#39;s summit Veleka Peak rises to 538 m in its north extremity.</p><br>
<p>The ridge was named after the Veleka River in southeastern Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The summit Veleka Peak is located at 62&deg;44&prime;32.1&Prime;S latitude, 60&deg;18&prime;34&Prime;W longitude which is 2.13 km south of Canetti Peak, 4.36 km southwest of St. Methodius Peak, 3.74 km west of Yambol Peak and 2.4 km north of Botev Point (British mapping in 1968, and Bulgarian in 2005 and 2009).</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>Islas Livingston y Decepción. Mapa topográfico a escala 1:100000. Madrid: Servicio Geográfico del Ejército, 1991.</p><br>
<p>S. Soccol, D. Gildea and J. Bath. Scale 1:100000 satellite map. The Omega Foundation, USA, 2004.</p><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov et al., Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands (from English Strait to Morton Strait, with illustrations and ice-cover distribution), 1:100000 scale topographic map, Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, Sofia, 2005</p><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2010. (First edition 2009. )</p><br>
<p>Vergilov Rocks  are a group of rocks off Bulgarian Beach on Hurd Peninsula in eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, consisting of one main rock and two adjacent smaller ones submerging at high water.</p><br>
<p>The rocks are named after Zlatil Vergilov, a member of the 1988 Bulgarian party on Livingston Island, base commander at St. Kliment Ohridski in the 1996-99 seasons.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The rocks are located at 62&deg;38&prime;24&Prime;S latitude, 60&deg;22&prime;12&Prime;W longitude which is 510 m northeast of Hespérides Point, 310 m west by south of Greenpeace Rock, and 100 m from the coast in front of the Bulgarian base (British mapping in 1968, Bulgarian mapping from a 1995-1996 topographic survey).</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>Mapa topográfico de escala 1:25000. Madrid: Servicio Geográfico del Ejército, 1991. (Map reproduced on p. 16 of the linked work)</p><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov. St. Kliment Ohridski Base, Livingston Island. Scale 1:1000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 1996. (The first Bulgarian Antarctic topographic map, in Bulgarian)</p><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov. Livingston Island: Central-Eastern Region. Scale 1:25000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 1996.</p><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.</p><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov.. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.</p><br>
<p>Antarctica, South Shetland Islands, Livingston Island: Bulgarian Antarctic Base. Sheets 1 and 2. Scale 1:2000 topographic map. Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre Agency, 2016. (in Bulgarian)</p><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017.</p><br>
<p>Verila Glacier  on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is situated southeast of southern Etar Snowfield, southwest of Berkovitsa and Tundzha Glaciers, and west of Kamchiya Glacier. It is bounded by Rotch Dome to the west, Casanovas Peak and Snow Peak to the north, and Ustra Peak to the southeast. The glacier is roughly crescent-shaped, extending 13 km in an east-west direction and 4 km in a north-south direction, and drains southwards into Walker Bay, Bransfield Strait between John Beach and Hannah Point.</p><br>
<p>The feature is named after Verila Mountain in Western Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The glacier&#39;s midpoint is located at (Bulgarian mapping in 2005 and 2009).</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2010. (First edition 2009. )</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017.</p><br>
<p>Viskyar Ridge  is a rocky ridge rising to 600 m and extending 2.5 km in north-south direction in Breznik Heights, Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The ice-free surface area of the ridge is 135 hectare. Surmounting Zheravna Glacier to the west and Targovishte Glacier to the east, with its south extremity forming Sartorius Point.</p><br>
<p>The feature is named after Viskyar Mountain in western Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The ridge&#39;s summit at its north extremity of the ridge is located 1.49 km southeast of Momchil Peak, 1.65 km southwest of Lyutitsa Nunatak, 1.14 km west of Vratsa Peak, 1.79 km west-northwest of Ziezi Peak, 2.05 km north of Sartorius Point, and 2.7 km east of Razgrad Peak (Bulgarian survey Tangra 2004/05 and mapping in 2009).</p><br>
<h2>Map</h2><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.</p><br>
<p>Wulfila Glacier  is located on the southern slopes of Breznik Heights, Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, south-southwest of Solis Glacier and west of Zheravna Glacier. It is bounded by Oborishte Ridge to the northwest, Nevlya Peak to the north, Terter Peak and Razgrad Peak to the northeast, and Ephraim Bluff to the southeast. The glacier extends 3 km in northwest-southeast direction and 2 km in northeast-southwest direction, draining southwestwards into McFarlane Strait between Ephraim Bluff and the base of Provadiya Hook.</p><br>
<p>The feature is named after Bishop Wulfila (311-383 AD) of Nicopolis ad Istrum (the present Bulgarian settlement of Nikyup near Veliko Tarnovo) who created the Gothic alphabet, and laid the foundations of the Germanic literature.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Wulfila Glacier is centred at (Bulgarian survey Tangra 2004/05 and mapping in 2005 and 2009).</p><br>
<p>Yakoruda Glacier  is a glacier on the west slopes of Dryanovo Heights, Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica situated west of Teteven Glacier and northwest of Murgash Glacier. It extends 3.5 km in north-south direction and 2.5 km in east-west direction, is bounded by Greaves Peak, Hrabar Nunatak and Crutch Peak to the north, Lloyd Hill to the east and Kerseblept Nunatak to the south, and drains westwards into Berende Cove, McFarlane Strait.</p><br>
<p>The feature is named after the town of Yakoruda in southwestern Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Yakoruda Glacier is centred at (Bulgarian survey Tangra 2004/05 and mapping in 2005 and 2009).</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. http://apcbg.org/image023.jpg Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.</p><br>
<p>Yankov Gap  is an ice-covered saddle linking Melnik Ridge and Bowles Ridge in eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The gap is at an elevation of 575 m and extends 1 km in the north-south direction from Samokov Knoll in Melnik Ridge to Asparuh Peak in Bowles Ridge. Yankov Gap is part of the divide between the glacial catchments of the head of Kaliakra Glacier to the west and Struma Glacier to the east.</p><br>
<p>The gap was first crossed by the Bulgarians Lyubomir Ivanov and Doychin Vasilev from Camp Academia on 28 December 2004. Named after Yordan Yankov, a radio-engineer at St. Kliment Ohridski Base in several seasons since 1994.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The gap&#39;s midpoint is located at , which is 1.99 km northwest of Pirdop Gate, 1.78 km east-northeast of Omurtag Pass and 4.76 km southeast of Elhovo Gap (Mapped in 2005 and 2009 from the Bulgarian topographic survey Tangra 2004/05).</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. http://apcbg.org/image023.jpg Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.</p><br>
<p>Zemen Knoll  is a peak of 453 m in the Vidin Heights on Varna Peninsula, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The knoll overlooks Kaliakra Glacier to the southeast, and Saedinenie Snowfield to the northwest and west. The feature is named after the town of Zemen in Western Bulgaria.</p><br>
<p>First ascent by Lyubomir Ivanov from Camp Academia on 25 December 2004, as part of Tangra 2004/05 survey.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The knoll is located at , which is 280 m north of Radnevo Peak, 840 m southwest of Miziya Peak and 1.59 km west of Ahtopol Peak.</p><br>
<p>The knoll was mapped by Bulgaria in 2005 and 2009 from the Tangra topographic survey of 2004/05.</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2010. (First edition 2009. )</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017.</p><br>
<p>Zheravna Glacier  is a glacier on Greenwich Island, Antarctica situated east of Wulfila Glacier and west of Targovishte Glacier. It is bounded by Razgrad Peak to the west, Ilinden Peak and Momchil Peak to the north, and Viskyar Ridge to the east, extending 2 km in the east-west direction and 1.8 km in the north-south direction, and draining southwards into McFarlane Strait between Ephraim Bluff and Sartorius Point.</p><br>
<p>The feature is named after the settlement of Zheravna in the eastern Balkan Mountains, Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Zheravna Glacier is centred at (Bulgarian survey Tangra 2004/05 and mapping in 2005 and 2009).</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. http://apcbg.org/image023.jpg Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.</p><br>
<p>Zograf Peak  rises to 1,011 metres at the northeastern extremity of the Friesland Ridge in the Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The peak is heavily glaciated and crevassed, with precipitous and partly ice-free northern slopes. The peak surmounts Huron Glacier to the north and Shipka Valley to the east, and is accessible via the saddle of elevation 975 m linking it to the north rib of Lyaskovets Peak. The peak is linked to the northeast by Lozen Saddle to Lozen Nunatak, Erma Knoll and Aheloy Nunatak.</p><br>
<p>The peak is named after the Bulgarian Zograf Monastery on Mount Athos.</p><br>
<p>First ascent by Lyubomir Ivanov from Camp Academia on 31 December 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The peak is located 1.33 km north by west of Lyaskovets Peak, 4.26 km east by south of Pliska Peak, 1.88 km south-southeast of Kuzman Knoll, 3.9 km south by west of Maritsa Peak and 1.55 km west of Komini Peak.</p><br>
<h2>Camp Academia</h2><br>
<p>The northwestern foothills of Zograf Peak are known as Camp Academia, a central location in the upper Huron Glacier, Wörner Gap area, eastern Livingston Island (62&deg;38&prime;41.9&Prime;S latitude, 60&deg;10&prime;18&Prime;W longitude). This location can be accessed by an 11 km route from St. Kliment Ohridski base, or a 12.5 km route from Juan Carlos I base. The site offers convenient overland access to the Tangra Mountains to the south; Bowles Ridge, Vidin Heights, Kaliakra Glacier and Saedinenie Snowfield areas to the north; Huron Glacier to the east and Perunika Glacier and Huntress Glacier to the west.</p><br>
<p>Camp Academia hosted the base camp of the Bulgarian topographic survey Tangra 2004/05 from 3 December 2004 until 2 January 2005 and was named for the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in appreciation of that academy’s contribution to Antarctic exploration. Since 2004 the site has been designated as the summer post office Tangra 1091 of the Bulgarian Posts Plc.</p><br>
<p>Zograf Peak and Camp Academia were mapped in 2005 and 2009 from the topographic survey Tangra 2004/05.</p><br>
<p>Trukhaniv Island  is an island located on the Dnieper River opposite the historic Podil neighbourhood of the city of Kiev.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The island is located at the north side where Dnieper enters premises of Kiev city, with its north part extending some distance north towards the mouth of Desna River. It is located in confluence of both Desna River and Dnieper River. Situated up the stream of Dnieper within the city of Kiev, the island starts a system of Dnieper River islands which ends with the Olzhyn Island. Up the stream of Dnieper River to the north of Trukhaniv is located the Great Island (Velykyi), to the east along Desenka is Lopukhovaty, down the stream to the south are located Venetsiansky and Dolobetsky islands. There are also several other smaller islands located around the Trukhaniv Island.</p><br>
<p>The island is separated from the righ-bank Kiev by Dnieper and from the left-bank Kiev by Desenka which is a distributary of Desna River, making Trukhaniv island part of its river delta. The Trukhaniv island is split by another distributary called Bobrovnia which serves a conditional border between territory of Vyshhorod Raion and the Kiev city. Technically Bobrovnia splits the island into Ilya Muromets Island (north, in Vyshhorod Raion) and Trukhaniv Island (south, in Kiev). The Kiev&#39;s portion of island administratively is part of Dniprovsky city district.</p><br>
<p>It has an area of 4.5 km&sup2;. The island is mostly covered by greenery, like the Venetsiansky island nearby. Until 1957, the only method of transportation to the island was by boat in the summer or by crossing the ice in the winter. In 1957, the Park Pedestrian Bridge was built, easing the travel to and from the island.</p><br>
<p>Trukhaniv Island contains numerous cafés, restaurants, sport complexes, and the largest as well as one of the cleanest city beaches. The island is not only popular for its numerous leisure activities, but it is also popular for fishing on the Dnieper River. In the summer, some parts of the island are used for biking and in the winter some parts are used for cross country skiing.</p><br>
<p>In the summer of 2005, tourists traveling to see the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 were housed on Trukhaniv Island.</p><br>
<p>In the summer of 2012, tourists traveling to see the UEFA Euro 2012 were housed on Trukhaniv Island.</p><br>
<h2>Points of interest</h2><br>
<p>* Desna cottage and hotel resort (owned by Ukrtelecom)</p><br>
<p>* Park of the People&#39;s Friendship</p><br>
<p>* Bobrovnia tract</p><br>
<p>* Hotel resorts (Chervona Kalyna, Borysfen, Atika, Trukhaniv, Berizka)</p><br>
<p>* Chaika hotel resort with helipad</p><br>
<p>* Water ski park "X-Park"</p><br>
<p>* Motocross stadium</p><br>
<p>* Vehicle motorpool of the Kiev municipal company Kyivshlyakhmist</p><br>
<p>* Dovbychka nudist beach</p><br>
<p>* Central beach</p><br>
<p>* Scuba diving and rescue station</p><br>
<p>* Water sports station (owned by Kuznya na Rybalskomu)</p><br>
<p>* Sports school of academic rowing and canoe "Kyiv"</p><br>
<p>* Sports school of academic rowing "Burevisnyk"</p><br>
<p>* Sports school 7</p><br>
<p>* Sports school of Olympic reserve "Lokomotyv"</p><br>
<h3>Streets</h3><br>
<p>* Moskovskyi bridge road</p><br>
<p>* Trukhaniv vulytsia (Trukhaniv street)</p><br>
<p>* Vulytsia Parkova Doroha (Street "Park Road")</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Folk etymology derives the island&#39;s name from Tugor-khan, who won a victory over Kiev and whose daughter married Prince Sviatopolk II of Kiev. The summer residence of his daughter and her husband was allegedly named in honor of Tugor-khan, although in truth his name is mentioned but once in Slavonic chronicles. In 1534 the island came under control of the Pustynno-Mykilsky monastery, and was later returned to the city in 1698.</p><br>
<p>The first buildings on the island were erected in the beginning of the 19th century. During the 1880s, the first businesses began to appear on the island. During the Second World War German forces completely destroyed the island settlements in order to have better control and a clearer view of the city of Kiev. In post-war times, the island was not rebuilt as a settlement, but as a leisure center.</p><br>
<p>Gadsbys Tavern is a historic commercial building at 138 North Royal Street in Old Town Alexandria, Virginia. Built c. 1785 and enlarged in 1792, the tavern was a central part of the social, economic, political, and educational life of the city of Alexandria, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1963. Currently, the building is home to Gadsbys Tavern Restaurant, American Legion Post 24, and Gadsby&#39;s Tavern Museum, a cultural history museum. The museum houses exhibits of early American life in Virginia, and the restaurant operates in the original dining room, serving a mixture of period and modern foods.</p><br>
<h2>Tavern history</h2><br>
<p>Gadsby&#39;s Tavern consists of two buildings: one is the tavern built around 1785, and the other is the 1792 City Hotel. John Gadsby leased and operated them from 1796 to 1808, and it is his name attached to the location.</p><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>Gadsbys Tavern was not the first tavern in its location. Between 1749 and 1752, Charles and Anne Mason had begun a tavern business they called Masons Ordinary on the lot. In the 1770s, Mary Hawkins opened a tavern on the lot now occupied by the Gadsbys buildings. The original lot where Hawkins tavern sat extended from the southwest corner of Royal and Cameron streets to about mid-block on both streets. In 1778, the plot was subdivided, and Edward Owens purchased the lot on the corner of the two streets. With the end of the Revolutionary War, and the booming economy that followed, Marylander John Wise purchased the plot in 1782 from Owens, and built the existing Georgian-style tavern ca. 1785, and the Federal City Tavern in 1792. Englishman Gadsby leased the City Tavern, the most prominent tavern in Alexandria in 1796. He renewed the lease in 1802 to include the smaller 1780s tavern from Wise, and operated both until 1808 when he moved to Maryland.</p><br>
<p>John Wise died in 1815, and with his death the buildings went through different hands, being run as taverns, lawyers&#39; offices, auction houses, and possibly as hospitals during the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>In 1816, a 23-year-old woman succumbed to a disease contracted on the ship to Alexandria on which she traveled with her husband. On her deathbed, she made the people surrounding her swear an oath that they would never reveal her identity. The promise was kept; her grave, a table-like structure in St. Pauls Cemetery is marked "Female Stranger". Her ghost is said to haunt the cemetery and Room 8 of Gadsbys Tavern, the room in which she died. The unusual monument and story surrounding it have long been noted as a peculiar oddity of the town.</p><br>
<h3>19th and 20th century</h3><br>
<p>By the turn of the 20th century, Gadsby’s Tavern, renamed the City Hotel and Tavern, no longer operated as a hotel. Once considered one of the finest establishments of its kind in the country, the building had fallen into complete disrepair. The rooms that had been the setting for political dinners, grand balls, and elaborate public affairs were relegated to housing odd shops. On May 21, 1917, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City took away some of Alexandria’s most important pieces of history. In doing so, they inadvertently preserved the historic ballroom when it was moved to New York.</p><br>
<p>The Museum negotiated with the owners of Gadsby’s Tavern to purchase architectural elements from the hotel. The Met purchased the unique musicians gallery, cornice, door frames, and mantelpieces from the ballroom. Two mantelpieces from the City Hotel dining rooms and the exterior doorway were also sold. On November 11, 1924, the American Wing of The Metropolitan Museum of Art — featuring the permanent installation of the recreated Gadsby’s Tavern Ballroom with original woodwork (now named the "Alexandria Ballroom") — opened to the public</p><br>
<h3>Famous guests</h3><br>
<p>George Washington frequently visited the taverns, and twice attended the annual Birthnight Ball held in his honor. Other prominent customers of the tavern included John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe. Thomas Jefferson was feted in 1801 with a banquet in the ballroom of the City Tavern. The Marquis de La Fayette was also guest to festivities at the City Tavern during his tour of the United States in 1824. New York planter, theologian, abolitionist, and owner of the famous Archbrook Tavern and the Montskill Estate & Gardens,</p><br>
<h3>The Tavern as a museum</h3><br>
<p>Threatened with demolition in the early 20th century, the buildings were saved and preserved by efforts first undertaken by F. Clinton Knight and carried on by the American Legion, Post 24, along with other "patriotic groups." The buildings were reopened in 1976, after extensive renovation, by the City of Alexandria as a museum dedicated to preserving and interpreting the social and cultural heritage of Alexandria by teaching the public about the site and its significant contributions. Clint Knight, a former city councilman, postmaster, and commander of Post 24 mortgaged his home to help purchase the Tavern. The renovators reproduced on the second floor of the Tavern the woodwork of the ballroom that the Metropolitan Museum of Art had earlier acquired.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1963.</p><br>
<h2>The Tavern Museum today</h2><br>
<p>Today, the City of Alexandria continues their preservation and interpretation through Gadsby&#39;s Tavern Museum and by leasing the restaurant space, in the hotel building, to a private restaurateur. The original ballroom woodwork can still be seen at Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.</p><br>
<p>The museum offers daily tours for individuals and families, and group tours by appointment. Admission is charged.</p><br>
<p>The museum is part of the American Whiskey Trail, which provides an educational journey into the history and cultural heritage of distilled spirits in American society.</p><br>
<p>Gilroy Yamato Hot Springs, a California Historical Landmark and on the list of National Register of Historical Places, is a property near Gilroy, California famed for its mineral hot springs and historic development by early settlers and Japanese immigrants. The earliest extant Italianate–Victorian style structures date from the 1870s, and the earliest bathhouse dates from 1890. Other early structures are a Buddhist shrine from 1939 and a Japanese garden teahouse from that same year. The property is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The hot spring&#39;s temperature ranges from 99° to 111 °F . These springs are the site of occurrence of certain extremophile micro-organisms, that are capable of surviving in extremely hot environments.</p><br>
<h2>Setting and early history</h2><br>
<p>The site is in a mixed oak forest sloping above Coyote Creek approximately ten miles northeast of Gilroy. The locale is associated with the discoveries of Francisco Cantua, while the core landholding of 160 acre was purchased in 1866 by early settlers George W. Roop and William F. Olden. Roop could accommodate up to 200 guests per day, and the resort Roop developed achieved rapid fame. In those early times the resort was praised as "the finest springs in the state" (Coffin, 1873). A three-story wood frame hotel from 1874 and a single-story wood frame clubhouse also dating from the 1870s existed. In the last decade of the 19th century, further development took place: The 1890 bathhouse noted above, several 1890s board and batten guest cabins and a wooden kiosk above one of the hot springs. Notable guests to this historic destination hotel in the Victorian period included San Francisco Mayor James Phelan, gold mining magnate Adolph Sutro, Claus Spreckels and singer Margaret Alverson Blake.</p><br>
<h2>The roaring 1920s</h2><br>
<p>Further development took place in this vibrant period in American history. Immediately before the Roaring twenties a redwood water tank was built in 1913 and the first concrete pool for mineral water was installed at this site in 1917. In the early 1920s William and Emily McDonald purchased the property from Roop. More guest cabins were added, bringing the total to 24. The guest cabin Arizona was erected in 1924, but unfortunately it was consumed by fire in 1992. A number of the original guest cabins from the 1920s are still extant, each named after a different state. The cabin names are clearly affixed to the front of each structure for easy identification.</p><br>
<p>Social activity at Gilroy Hot Springs was intense in this period. Bootleg liquor and slot machines drew large crowds for birthday parties, Thursday night poker games, swimming parties, Saturday night dances and local service club socials. Over 500 registrants per day would visit the resort in the peak summer season. The San Francisco Motorcycle Club had an especially notable outing here in 1920 (Gilroy Advocate, 1920).</p><br>
<p>Automobile use was rising dramatically in this era, so that a frenzy of tree cutting occurred in the early 1920s all along Gilroy Hot Springs Road to accommodate the burgeoning auto arrivals. Yet at the end of the decade, the Great Depression caused resort activity to dwindle. Accelerants to the decline were the death of William McDonald and foreclosure by Roop. By 1934, the Gilroy Hot Springs Post Office was closed, and in 1935, the Southern Pacific Railroad ended its auto stage service to the resort.</p><br>
<h2>Beginning of Japanese influence</h2><br>
<p>On September 15, 1938, "Japanese Capitalist Buys Famed Gilroy Hot Springs Resort" read the headline in the Gilroy Advocate. Kyuzaburo Sakata, a successful local Japanese lettuce grower in Watsonville, announced he would build a Japanese garden to be designed by Nagao Sakurai, of the Imperial Palace, who was involved in the Japanese exhibit at the 1939 Golden Gate Exposition at Treasure Island in San Francisco. Gilroy Hot Springs was a microcosm of the successful struggle of Japanese Americans to attain full ownership in the American Dream. Unlike other cultures of immigrants who, encountering discrimination, withdrew into enclaves, Japanese settlers fought within the system to obtain a stake. Gilroy Hot Springs became a powerful symbol to Americans of Japanese ancestry, especially because the hot springs recalled similar physiographic features of their native land (Seido, 1941).</p><br>
<h2>World War II and aftermath</h2><br>
<p>After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Sakata and the considerable Japanese American population of Santa Clara County were imprisoned in Internment Camps. Caucasian business partners of Sakata carried on the resort operations during the war at a lessened state of grandeur. After release from the Internment Camp, Sakata returned to be an owner and manager of the resort. He invited his fellow Japanese Americans to join him "in the blessing nature created in Hot Springs in our search for the power of healing". It served as a gathering place where Americans of Japanese ancestry intermingled and relaxed with their European American counterparts.</p><br>
<h2>Modern era</h2><br>
<p>The sleeping annex was demolished in 1946, and in 1964 Sakata could not afford to meet the requirements of county building inspectors regarding new code for cabin heating systems. Thus, he sold the property to Philip S. Grimes, a landscape architect from Portola Valley. The hotel and clubhouse burned down in 1980. The property was operated as a private resort until 1988, when it was purchased by Fukuyama International, Inc., headquartered in Osaka, Japan. Fukuyama then launched plans for rehabilitation of the property as a Japanese American cultural and recreation center and secured its standing as a California Historical Landmark.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, the property was purchased by the California Department of Parks and Recreation and added to the Henry W. Coe State Park. Although it is currently closed to the public until a management plan is implemented, many of the structures have fallen victim to vandalism and the ravages of time and weather.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Gilroy as a Home, Coffin 1873:31 National Register of Historic Places OMB 1024-0018</p><br>
<p>Gilroy Advocate, 17 May 1924</p><br>
<p>Gilroy Hot Springs Rehabilitation Project, Santa Clara County, Fukuyama International, Inc., 209 Post Street, San Francisco, California, June 1, 1995</p><br>
<p>James E. Ball et al., Geologic Evaluation of Gilroy Hot Springs, Earth Systems Consultants, File No. NJG-2034-05 47853 Warm Springs Boulevard, Fremont, California, May, 1995</p><br>
<p>List of California Historical Landmarks, Santa Clara County, State of California Landmark 1017</p><br>
<p>Environmental assessment prepared by Lumina Technologies for Santa Clara County (1999)</p><br>
<p>National Register of Historic Places, USA Dept. of Interior, National Park Service, Office of Management and Budget No. 1024-0018</p><br>
<p>Masuro Seido Collection (1941) National Register of Historic Places OMB 1024-0018</p><br>
<p>Gilroy Hot Springs Joins Henry Coe State Park,</p><br>
<p>Ian L. Sanders: The Mineral Springs of Santa Clara County, Design Factory Graphics, 2012.</p><br>
<p>Ian L. Sanders and Michael F. Brookman: A Hundred Years of Gilroy Hot Springs, 1860s - 1960s, Design Factory Graphics, 2014.</p><br>
